Rationale
Hematuria can be gross or microscopic. Although gross hematuria is often caused by a significant underlying pathology, both microscopic and gross hematuria require investigation.
Causal Conditions
(list not exhaustive)
- Renal
- Glomerular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, hemolytic uremic syndrome, vasculitis)
- Nonglomerular (e.g., acute interstitial nephritis, renal tumour, exercise)
- Postrenal (e.g., stones, bladder tumour, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cystitis)
- Hematologic (e.g., coagulopathy, sickle hemoglobinopathy)
- Heme-negative red urine (e.g., medications, food)
Key Objectives
Given a patient with hematuria, the candidate will interpret a urinalysis, paying attention to differentiating glomerular from nonglomerular causes, and construct an initial management plan.
Enabling Objectives
Given a patient with hematuria, the candidate will
- list and interpret clinical findings, including results of a detailed history and an appropriate physical examination;
- list and interpret investigations, including a urinalysis and urine microscopy, as well as further laboratory and imaging studies as appropriate; and
- construct an appropriate initial management plan, including appropriate follow-up and referral for specialized procedures as required (e.g., renal biopsy, cystoscopy).
